{
  "data_version": "seed-0.1 · 2026-08-28",
  "source": "https://banking.foundation",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "disclaimer": "Approximate reference data; not real-time; not legal or investment advice.",
  "collection": "countries",
  "count": 16,
  "data": [
    {
      "id": "united-states",
      "name": "United States",
      "currency": "USD",
      "central_bank": "Federal Reserve",
      "key_regulators": [
        "Federal Reserve",
        "OCC",
        "FDIC",
        "CFPB"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "FDIC, $250,000 per depositor per bank",
      "open_banking": "Market-driven; CFPB Section 1033 rule in flux",
      "instant_payments": "FedNow / RTP",
      "description": "The world's largest banking market and issuer of the dominant global reserve currency, with a fragmented dual federal-state regulatory structure. Home to the largest global banks and capital markets.",
      "website": "https://www.federalreserve.gov"
    },
    {
      "id": "european-union",
      "name": "European Union",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "central_bank": "European Central Bank",
      "key_regulators": [
        "ECB (SSM)",
        "EBA",
        "SRB"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "National DGS under EU rules, €100,000",
      "open_banking": "PSD2 (mandatory bank APIs)",
      "instant_payments": "SEPA Instant (SCT Inst)",
      "description": "A banking union covering the euro area, with single supervision (SSM) and single resolution (SRB) layered over national authorities. PSD2 made the EU the template for regulated open banking worldwide.",
      "website": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu"
    },
    {
      "id": "united-kingdom",
      "name": "United Kingdom",
      "currency": "GBP",
      "central_bank": "Bank of England",
      "key_regulators": [
        "PRA",
        "FCA",
        "Bank of England"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "FSCS, £85,000",
      "open_banking": "UK Open Banking (CMA9 mandate)",
      "instant_payments": "Faster Payments",
      "description": "London remains one of the world's leading international financial centres. The UK pioneered regulator-mandated open banking (CMA9) and ring-fencing of retail banking from investment banking.",
      "website": "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk"
    },
    {
      "id": "germany",
      "name": "Germany",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "central_bank": "Deutsche Bundesbank (Eurosystem)",
      "key_regulators": [
        "BaFin",
        "Bundesbank",
        "ECB (SSM)"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "Statutory DGS, €100,000 (plus voluntary bank-association schemes)",
      "open_banking": "PSD2 (mandatory bank APIs)",
      "instant_payments": "SEPA Instant",
      "description": "Europe's largest economy, with a distinctive three-pillar banking system of private banks, cooperative banks, and public savings banks (Sparkassen). Supervision is shared between BaFin, the Bundesbank, and the ECB.",
      "website": "https://www.bundesbank.de"
    },
    {
      "id": "france",
      "name": "France",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "central_bank": "Banque de France (Eurosystem)",
      "key_regulators": [
        "ACPR",
        "Banque de France",
        "ECB (SSM)"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "FGDR, €100,000",
      "open_banking": "PSD2 (mandatory bank APIs)",
      "instant_payments": "SEPA Instant",
      "description": "Home to several of the euro area's largest banking groups, including BNP Paribas, Crédit Agricole, and Société Générale. A stronghold of the universal-banking and bancassurance model.",
      "website": "https://www.banque-france.fr"
    },
    {
      "id": "switzerland",
      "name": "Switzerland",
      "currency": "CHF",
      "central_bank": "Swiss National Bank",
      "key_regulators": [
        "FINMA"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "esisuisse, CHF 100,000",
      "open_banking": "Market-driven (no statutory mandate)",
      "instant_payments": "SIC instant payments",
      "description": "A global hub for wealth management and private banking outside the EU's regulatory perimeter. The 2023 takeover of Credit Suisse left UBS as the country's single dominant global bank.",
      "website": "https://www.snb.ch"
    },
    {
      "id": "netherlands",
      "name": "Netherlands",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "central_bank": "De Nederlandsche Bank (Eurosystem)",
      "key_regulators": [
        "DNB",
        "AFM",
        "ECB (SSM)"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "Dutch DGS, €100,000",
      "open_banking": "PSD2 (mandatory bank APIs)",
      "instant_payments": "SEPA Instant (default for domestic transfers)",
      "description": "A concentrated, highly digital banking market led by ING, Rabobank, and ABN AMRO. Dutch banks were early movers in making SEPA Instant the default for domestic payments.",
      "website": "https://www.dnb.nl"
    },
    {
      "id": "spain",
      "name": "Spain",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "central_bank": "Banco de España (Eurosystem)",
      "key_regulators": [
        "Banco de España",
        "CNMV",
        "ECB (SSM)"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "FGD, €100,000",
      "open_banking": "PSD2 (mandatory bank APIs)",
      "instant_payments": "SEPA Instant (Bizum overlay)",
      "description": "Home of large internationally active groups such as Santander and BBVA, with deep footprints in Latin America. The bank-owned Bizum service drove mass adoption of mobile instant payments.",
      "website": "https://www.bde.es"
    },
    {
      "id": "singapore",
      "name": "Singapore",
      "currency": "SGD",
      "central_bank": "Monetary Authority of Singapore",
      "key_regulators": [
        "MAS"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "SDIC, S$100,000",
      "open_banking": "Market-driven (MAS API guidance, SGFinDex)",
      "instant_payments": "FAST / PayNow",
      "description": "Asia's leading wealth-management and treasury hub, overseen by an integrated central bank and regulator (MAS). Known for digital-bank licensing and cross-border instant-payment linkages such as PayNow-UPI.",
      "website": "https://www.mas.gov.sg"
    },
    {
      "id": "hong-kong",
      "name": "Hong Kong",
      "currency": "HKD",
      "central_bank": "Hong Kong Monetary Authority",
      "key_regulators": [
        "HKMA",
        "SFC"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "DPS, HK$800,000",
      "open_banking": "HKMA Open API Framework (phased)",
      "instant_payments": "FPS (Faster Payment System)",
      "description": "The international gateway between mainland China and global capital markets, with the HKD pegged to the USD under a currency board run by the HKMA. Hosts large clusters of international banks and virtual banks.",
      "website": "https://www.hkma.gov.hk"
    },
    {
      "id": "china",
      "name": "China",
      "currency": "CNY",
      "central_bank": "People's Bank of China",
      "key_regulators": [
        "NFRA",
        "PBoC",
        "CSRC"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "Deposit insurance scheme, ¥500,000",
      "open_banking": "No formal open banking regime",
      "instant_payments": "IBPS (retail dominated by Alipay / WeChat Pay)",
      "description": "The world's largest banking system by assets, dominated by state-owned banks such as ICBC and China Construction Bank. Retail payments run overwhelmingly through Alipay and WeChat Pay, alongside the e-CNY central bank digital currency pilot.",
      "website": "https://www.pbc.gov.cn"
    },
    {
      "id": "japan",
      "name": "Japan",
      "currency": "JPY",
      "central_bank": "Bank of Japan",
      "key_regulators": [
        "FSA"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "DICJ, ¥10 million plus interest",
      "open_banking": "2017 Banking Act API framework (effort-based)",
      "instant_payments": "Zengin System (24/7)",
      "description": "One of the world's largest deposit bases, anchored by three megabank groups (MUFG, SMBC, Mizuho). Decades of ultra-low interest rates have deeply shaped bank business models.",
      "website": "https://www.boj.or.jp"
    },
    {
      "id": "india",
      "name": "India",
      "currency": "INR",
      "central_bank": "Reserve Bank of India",
      "key_regulators": [
        "RBI"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "DICGC, ₹500,000",
      "open_banking": "Account Aggregator framework",
      "instant_payments": "UPI",
      "description": "A fast-growing banking market built on public digital infrastructure (the \"India Stack\" of Aadhaar, UPI, and Account Aggregators). UPI is the world's largest instant-payment system by transaction volume.",
      "website": "https://www.rbi.org.in"
    },
    {
      "id": "brazil",
      "name": "Brazil",
      "currency": "BRL",
      "central_bank": "Banco Central do Brasil",
      "key_regulators": [
        "Banco Central do Brasil",
        "CVM",
        "CMN"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "FGC, R$250,000",
      "open_banking": "Open Finance Brasil (mandatory)",
      "instant_payments": "Pix",
      "description": "Latin America's largest banking market. Pix, launched by the central bank in 2020, reached near-universal adoption and became a global reference for state-run instant payments, alongside a mandatory Open Finance regime.",
      "website": "https://www.bcb.gov.br"
    },
    {
      "id": "south-korea",
      "name": "South Korea",
      "currency": "KRW",
      "central_bank": "Bank of Korea",
      "key_regulators": [
        "FSC",
        "FSS"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "KDIC, ₩100 million (raised from ₩50 million in 2025)",
      "open_banking": "KFTC Open Banking (since 2019) + MyData",
      "instant_payments": "KFTC real-time interbank transfers",
      "description": "A highly digital banking market where real-time interbank transfers have been standard for decades via KFTC networks. Internet-only banks such as KakaoBank and Toss Bank have won mass retail adoption.",
      "website": "https://www.bok.or.kr"
    },
    {
      "id": "australia",
      "name": "Australia",
      "currency": "AUD",
      "central_bank": "Reserve Bank of Australia",
      "key_regulators": [
        "APRA",
        "ASIC",
        "RBA (payments)"
      ],
      "deposit_insurance": "Financial Claims Scheme, A$250,000",
      "open_banking": "Consumer Data Right",
      "instant_payments": "NPP (PayID / Osko)",
      "description": "A concentrated market dominated by the \"Big Four\" banks (CBA, Westpac, NAB, ANZ) under APRA's prudential supervision. The Consumer Data Right extends open-banking-style data sharing beyond banking to other sectors.",
      "website": "https://www.rba.gov.au"
    }
  ]
}